Reza Sheibanifar; Soheil Hashemi
Abstract
Due to the effects of corona, school education has been done at home. School closures and students' home quarantine due to the epidemic also affect children's physical and mental health; thus, it can be expected to have an effect on parental stress and rejection. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate ...
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Due to the effects of corona, school education has been done at home. School closures and students' home quarantine due to the epidemic also affect children's physical and mental health; thus, it can be expected to have an effect on parental stress and rejection. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the relationship between perceived stress and parental rejection and child aggression in corona epidemic. The research design was descriptive and correlative, and its population included parents with children aged 12 to 17 years in Boroujerd in the academic year 2020-2021. The sample size was 386 people who were selected using random sampling method. Questionnaires used included the Karimi Aggression Scale (2012), the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale (1983), and the Rohnner Parental Rejection Scale (2005). Data were analyzed using Spearman correlation test and SPSS-21 software. Findings of the study showed a significant positive relationship (r = 0.481) between negative parental stress and children's aggression. There was also a negative and significant relationship between parents' positive stress and children's aggression (r=-0.286). Finally, there is a positive and significant relationship between parental rejection and child aggression (r=0.606); Therefore, stress and rejection of parents are effective in the occurrence of aggressive behaviors of children in the corona.Extended AbstractIntroductionDuring the corona epidemic, many signs of psychological damage such as panic disorder, emotion disorder, anxiety, depression, irritability, aggression, and sleep disorders have been reported in individuals (Rubin & Wessely, 2020). According to studies, the more severe the parents' psychological problems such as anxiety; stress and depression, the higher the incidence of behavioral disorders such as aggression in children (Riahi.et al, 2012). Findings of Dirks. et al, (2011) also indicate that aggression is a behavioral problem and if it intensifies, it can cause communication problems and personality disorders. Aggression in behavioral sciences and psychology means behavior that leads to harassment and pain (Yaghobi, et al, 2011). There is ample evidence that the pattern of negative parent-child interaction predicts externalization problems in the child (Shiralinia.et al, 2019). Mothers with anxiety, depression, and poor mental health perceive their children negatively, which affects the way they treat their children and the way they behave to their children (Aslani.et al, 2015). Recent findings from China show that more than 25% of the general population experience severe levels of stress or anxiety caused by the coronavirus (Qiu, et al, 2020). People respond differently to life changes, positive stress can be a motivator, while negative stress can occur when these changes and needs fail. One of the most important reasons for aggression in children is learning from parental behavior among which stress is also one (Azizpour et al, 2017), i.e. children who have aggressive behavioral patterns behave like their own patterns.The critical situation of the epidemic created problems in the families that affect the mental health of the family and their children. The negative effects of the epidemic and the children's not going to school will affect their behavioral problems and their interactions with their parents. Given that according to the results of a study (Chester and De Wall, 2015) there is a relationship between maternal stress and behavioral problems such as aggression in children in the coming years, so coronary epidemic provided the conditions for this study to be accomplished on the relationship between perceived stress and parental rejection with their children's aggression during the corona epidemic.Theoretical FrameworkIn this regard, studies have been conducted in and outside the country that confirm the relationship between maternal rejection / acceptance with the level of aggression in children. DeWall et al, (2010) also showed that long-term acceptance and sudden parental rejection has a significant effect on social relationships and adolescent aggression. In this regard Shiralinia et al, (2019) in a study showed that children's behavioral problems can be affected by maternal stress, the quality of mother-child relationships and maternal mental health.Researches of Hooper et al, (2015) has also shown that there is a relationship between maternal stress and behavioral disorders in children, including aggression. Thus, mothers' mental health problems are associated with short-term and long-term risks to their children's physical, cognitive and mental development (Thapa, et al, 2020), and this can affect parent-child interactions. Children are especially important in corona epidemic because according to research of Pitula et al, (2015) childhood stress can lead to aggression leading to murder in adolescence. Also, it should be considered that aggression in children with learning disabilities is a predictor of depression in these children during adolescence (Morris & Rottenberg, 2015).MethodologyThe research design was descriptive and correlative. This research was applicable in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study consists of 1500 parents with children aged 12 to 17 years in Boroujerd in the academic year 2020-2021. Using random sampling method, 386 people were selected as a statistical sample. For a closer look, the research was conducted when a year had passed since the Corona epidemic. The conditions for completing the questionnaire were that only parents whose children were 12 to 17 years old and had no psychological disorders such as hyperactivity and aggressive behaviors in their children's school record could complete the questionnaires. Data collected using the standard questionnaires of Aggression Scale (Karimi, 2012), Perceived Stress Scale (Kohen, 1983) and Parental Exclusion Scale (Rohnar, 2005).Discussion and ResultsThe results of Spearman correlation test to investigate the relationship between parental stress and children's aggression show that there is a positive and significant relationship between negatively perceived parental stress and aggression thinking component at the level of 0.01 (r = 0.603), and a positive and significant relationship between negatively perceived stress and aggression component at the Level 0.01 (r=0.454), and a positive and significant relationship between negatively perceived stress and the aggression component (total) of children at level 0.01 (r = 0.481). This means that with the increase of negatively perceived stress of parents, the level of aggression of their children has also increased; but no significant relationship was found between children's aggressive behavior at home and their parents' negatively perceived stress.The results of Spearman correlation test to examine the relationship between parental exclusion and child aggression show that there is a positive and significant relationship (r = 0.486) between the predictor of cold / lack of love variable with children aggression at the level of 0.01. In addition, all components of parental exclusion, including violence / aggression (r = 0.278), indifference / neglect (r = 0.514), lack of differentiation / exclusion (r = 0.587) and exclusion (total) (r = 0.606) have a positive and significant relationship with children's aggression at home. This means that with the increase of rejection and its dimensions in parents, the amount of aggression of children at home has also increased. ConclusionThe present study aimed to investigate the relationship between perceived stress and parental rejection and child aggression during corona epidemic. These findings were consistent with the results of Azizpour et al, (2017), Sadeghzadeh et al, (2019), Morris & Rottenberg, (2015) on the effect of parental stress on child aggression. Explaining this finding, it can be concluded that parents, especially mothers, have had more interaction with their children in the conditions caused by the corona epidemic. Hossein (2014) believes that although both parents play their role in the process of child's upbringing and care, the mother has a greater role than the father in many societies. Therefore, the negative stress caused by this disease has caused mothers to use more strict parenting methods at home, and this has been effective in their children's behavioral problems, and they have exhibited aggressive behaviors. These results were consistent with studies of Shiralinia et al, (2019), Khanjani et al, (2016), and Kolshadi and Yazdkhashti, (2016). Explaining this finding, it should be said that parental rejection has a direct and positive relationship with children's aggression, and since the corona epidemic has increased parental stress, it has led to coldness and reduced parental affection, as a result of which children use aggressive behaviors to attract their parents' attention.
Reza Sheibanifar
Abstract
Extended AbstractAbstractThe corona epidemic has put a lot of pressure on teachers in terms of curricula. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the burnout of teachers with regard to the mediating role of self-control and social support in corona epidemic. The research design was ...
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Extended AbstractAbstractThe corona epidemic has put a lot of pressure on teachers in terms of curricula. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the burnout of teachers with regard to the mediating role of self-control and social support in corona epidemic. The research design was descriptive and correlative and its population included 110 primary school teachers in Boroujerd in the academic year 2020-2021. The sample size was 86 people who were selected by means of simple random sampling method. The applied questionnaires included the Sherborne and Stewart (1991) Social Support Scale, Tangier Self-Control (2004), and Masslash Occupational Burnout (1981). Data were analyzed by means of SPSS-21 software. Findings of the study showed a significant negative relationship (r = -0.752) between self-control and teachers' burnout. Also, there was a negative and significant relationship between social support and teachers' burnout (r = -0.821); Therefore, it can be concluded that high self-control and social support of people around are associated with reducing teacher burnout. Due to the corona epidemic, this crisis is affecting the performance of teachers and provides the ground for their burnout. Given this issue, it is necessary to provide training and support systems and self-control training to prevent burnout of teachers in the corona epidemic.IntroductionThe epidemic of Corona has had a lot of pressure on teachers in terms of physical and emotional. Conditions with stress and severe anxiety, emergencies, and the occurrence of natural disasters can create a risk of mental and psychological complications in teachers. Studies have shown that there is a significant relationship between the prevalence of corona and mental health problems such as stress, burnout and anxiety (Mo, et al, 2020; Nemati et al, 2020; Wu, et al, 2020). The rapid prevalence of corona pervasive disease has a great pressure on physical, social, economic and mental health of the whole community, especially teachers. Beside facing inconsistencies such as mortality, among the causes of occupational burnout, there are factors such as: low social support, high occupational pressure, lack of job security, low rights and benefits, decision-making in emergency situations based on inadequate information and accountability for the results of this decisions, effort with psychological pressure to avoid any mistake, (Talaei et al, 2008; Saberi, et al, 2008), the conflict of roles and values, lack of forces or their inappropriate distribution (Anoosheh et al, 2008) noted.The prevalence of the Corona virus creates a situation in which the psychological and physical aspects of the job burnout of teachers was investigated as one of the most important current issues. In this research, the two components of "social support" and "self-control" rules, one representative of the human social dimension and the other representative of the individual (self) human beings, tried to consider the separate effects of the society and the person himself on teachers' job burnout. One reason of conducting the present study was lack of the studies of any kind, with the mentioned variabels in epidemic corona on the teachers. In addition, considering the importance of job burnout and the limited research in this area, the present study seeks to answer this question that if there is a relationship between self-control and social support on one hand, and teachers' job burnout on the other. Therefore, the overall purpose of this research is to investigate the job burnout of teachers due to the mediative role of self-control and social support in corona epidemic.Theoretical FrameworkSince birth, humans live in a network of social relationships, and as Vigotsky says; community is the origin of the psyche of human being, which forms by the process of connection (Leontiev, 2005). People may take care of their decisions or control it, or hurriedly interrupt their inner feelings in decision-making, which are referred to self-control behavior (Bashirir et al, 2012).In the research as a study of the relationship between social support and burnout of girls' school teachers, Saeedi (2017) showed that there was a significant relationship between social support and job burnout. This means that the higher the level of social support the lower the job burnout. Ernani (2016) in the research, as determining the contribution of control of emotions and self-control and assessment of psychological stress in the prediction of job burnout in the female nurses, showed that there is a significant negative relationship between self-control and job burnout, that in this regard, he suggested self-control promotion to reduce job burnout.MethodologyThe research design was descriptive and correlative. The statistical population of the study consisted of 110 primary school teachers in Boroujerd, in the academic year of 2020-2021. 86 people participated in the research that were selected by random sampling method. In order to check more closely, the research was conducted one year after the commencement of the epidemic disease. The completion of the questionnaire was so that concluded only teachers with at least 10 years of job background. Data were collected by means of SHERBURN & STEWART (1991) social support scale questionair, Tanji (2004) self-control scale questionnaire, and Maslach, (1981) Job burnout scale. Discussion and ResultsDemographic data analysis of the descriptive indices of the study showed that in the sample set of 86 people; informational support has an average of 3.72 and the standard deviation of 0.47, devise support has an average of 3.99 and the standard deviation of 0.42, self-esteem support has an average of 3.53 and the standard deviation of 0.6, social network support has an average of 16.4 and a standard deviation of 0.51, initial self-control has an average of 61.6 and a standard deviation of 0.48, preventive self-control has an average of 61.6 and 0.42 standard deviation, and burnout Job has an average of 2/18 and a standard deviation is 0.34; therefore, the mean dimensions of social support and self-control of cutting point 3 were higher (in the middle limit of the 5 Likert spectrum), and therefore the dimensions of social support and self-control were high, while the mean job burnout of the cutting point 4 was lower (the middle limit of the Likert 7 spectrum). And so the level of burnout has been lower.Considering that because the significance level of all components and sub-components is 0.000 and smaller than the error value of 0.05, for all components and sub-components the assumption zero denied, and the assumption one approved.Findings showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between self-control and its subscales of primary self-control and preventive self-control in the amount of -0.673, -0.709, respectively. Findings also showed that there is a meaningful negative relationship between social support and its subscales which include information support, social network support, self-esteem support, device support in the amount of -0.624, -0.678, -0.540, -0.587, respectively. ConclusionThe purpose of this study was to investigate the job burnout of teachers due to the role of self-control mediating and social support in corona epidemic. The findings of the research were consistent with the results of Ernani (2016), Bastami (2016), and Seibert et al (2016). In explaining this finding, it can be said that according to Barsirian et al (2012), the people with high self-control look after their decisions and control them, or involve in hurrying and mix their inner feelings with the decisions. Teachers with high self-control may have better results in long-term performance. The findings of the research were consistent with the results of Ghasemi (2019), and Dogan et al (2015). In explaining this finding, it can be said that when the mental pressure rises, those who have high social support do not show the signals of depression. And therefore social support, by increasing the correct understanding of stressful psychological events, reduces the effect of psychological stress. The results of the findings showed that social support in the epidemic of Corona played an important role in the self-confidence of teachers, and will be effective in dealing with their burnout.